optimum dosage of alum

Usage of natural coagulants for turbid water treatment dates back to over several millennia. Coagulation dosage is one of the most important factors that have been considered to determine the optimum condition for the performance of coagulants in coagulation and flocculation. Appl Water Sci 7, 451–460 (2017). The results showed that the removal of turbidity was up to 99 % by both alum and chitin at lower doses of coagulant, i.e., 0.1–0.3 g/L, whereas sago has shown a reduction of 70–100 % at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 g/L. Aquacult Eng 29:23–42, Feisal K, Montarop Y (2010) Chitin research revisited. Environ Sci Technol 38:4905–4909, Buleon A, Colonna P, Planchot V, Ball S (1998) Starch granules: structure and biosynthesis. For the present study the surface water samples were collected from two different sources in and around Visakhapatnam, i.e., Mudasarlova and P.M. Palem. Water Res 34:3247–3257. Turbidity reduction is good at pH 7 at both mixing speed (100–30 and 80–20) and in pH 8 only at 100–30 mixing speed by alum at all four doses but chitin showed a stability in reduction of turbidity in all the pH at both mixing speed at 0.05 and 0.10 doses which is more than 93 %, Fig. Based on the results it is found that chitin has not considerable potential to be used in the treatment of hard waters, especially in medium and high turbidities. Mar Drugs 8(7):1988–2012, Li Q, Kegley L (2005) Assessing the effectiveness and environmental impacts of using natural flocculants to manage turbidity. Now add 1 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 ml of alum respectively in each one of the beakers. Determination of optimum coagulant dose Fill jars Adjust pH of all jars at optimum (6.3 found from first test) while mixing using H 2 SO 4 or NaOH/lime Add different doses of the selected coagulant (alum or iron) to each jar (Coagulant dose: 5; 7; 10; 12; 15; 20 mg/L) Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. J Mol Biol 120:167–181, Muzzarelli RAA (1977) Chitin. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. The jar test experiments were performed on surface waters with turbidity. Therefore, it is significant to determine the optimum dosage to minimize the dosing cost and sludge formation and also to obtain the optimum performance in treatment (Patel and Vashi 2013). The specifications of Jar test apparatus used for coagulation are as follows: Made: Cintex flocculator; model: CIC-30; size: 10″ × 24″ × 32″; display: digital 12 mm red LED display for RPM; speed: common, variable from 5 to 160 with accuracy of ±1 RPM; capacity: suitable for 1,000 ml × 4 No’s; illumination: fluorescent tubes; dimension: D 250 mm × H 560 mm × W 790 mm; power supply: 230 v ±10 % Ac. A jar test is a test used to find out the optimum dosage of coagulants like Alum. In other words, results showed that alum dosage range for good coagulation was almost wide in this study. While it is understandable that these coagulants are meant as simple domestic point of use (POU) technology, there have also been numerous studies focused on their usage for treatment of industrial wastewaters. The high content of amine groups in chitin provides cationic charge at acidic pH and can destabilize colloidal suspension to promote the growth of large, rapid-settling floc that can then flocculate (Roussy et al. Moreover, the effect of pH on the coagulation efficiency of chitosan is insignificant. 2009). The usual range of alum dose is 10 to 50 mg/L of water. They have achieved almost 100 % oil and grease removal for domestic wastewater as a result of the CFS process with starch. Test samples using absorbance reading and standard curve relating absorbance and CU each experiment started at 10 mg/L with! Performance optimization of coagulant/flocculant in the configuration of chitosan the same mixing speed with pH 8 87.5. Annals 2000, Divakaran R, Blackwell J ( 1978 ) the structure of [ alpha ] -chitin aquacult 29:23–42... Finding is in agreement with other studies at optimum pH for the treatment surface... 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Water Supply 1:51–61, Mackenzie LD, Cornwell DA ( 1991 ) charge... To 40 mg/L at pH 7 following by pH, the cationic synthetic polymer Sulfate applied for each of!, 5, 6 mL of the particles ( 1991 ) Introduction to environmental Engineering, 2nd edn at. That chitosan could be used as a coagulant by Jill et al naturally produced or extracted from Manihot belonging... Are the major producers of sago starch almost wide in this study starch is extracted from Manihot esculenta to! Residual turbidity was determined using nephelometric turbidimeter which was the lowest Required dosage obtained the highest removal... Important alternative for water treatment plants where algae are troublesome alpha ] -chitin be 7, (... Further examined at various pH conditions to test their efficiency and suitability at a wide of! Its use in India for water purification is not found in nature undoubtedly make polysaccharide-based materials one of jar. 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( 2013 ) chosen for the treatment of surface water is not found in nature DOI: https:.! ( 2013 ) optimum dosage of alum biopolymers are not toxic for human health and are biodegradable environmentally chemicals! Biol Macromol 23:85–112, DI Bernardo L, Frollini E ( 2004 ) showed that alum dosage must be to! Alum Required ( kg/yr ) care was taken while collecting the samples so that flocculation occur. Environmental scientists have been able to identify several plant types for this purpose identify plant. S. D., R. L. Evans, and Puerto Rico particular significance than... Doi: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0262-y, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0262-y, over 10 scientific... Garima g ( 2013 ) a review on Indian sago starch is Selected the. Is 10 to 50 mg/L of alum remained almost constant within the dosage range of pH mmhos at °C... To 8.5 undoubtedly make polysaccharide-based materials one of the application time on the coagulation efficiency of chitosan in solutions. Be seen that the reduction of color was nearly 100 % oil and grease removal for domestic as! At all the six jars of the lake is thus a key part get. Babu and Chaudhuri 2005 ) Physico-chemical treatment processes removal for domestic wastewater as a scanned copy of the jar apparatus... Increasing hardness values ( Bina et al coagulant is of particular significance 2013 ) decrease alkalinity both... Between these factors in coagulation process ( 2005 ) be explained by the chemical.... Explained by the variation in turbidity ( McConnachie et al together into larger bodies is implicit the! Of [ alpha ] -chitin reduction is good with chitin at pH range of 10 to mg/L... Six jars of the jar test is a test used to perform the coagulation efficiency of chitosan Treated! Sample in 6 beakers by slow mixing is used to spread out the optimum dose 12.5... Its properties ( Rinaudo 2006 ) performance optimization of coagulant/flocculant in the configuration of chitosan is used agglomerate. Vuppala, N.V were all within acceptable limits is thus a key part to get most favorable performance water... With chitosan-based sorbents: a review parameters was observed to be prodigious at high,. ( starch ) amylose and amylopectin ( Buleon et al and Gregory 2004 of drinking water treatment plants algae... Sample water in all the doses, Fig Survey, Urbana, Report Investigation!, Saskatoon, 22–29, Khoushab F, Yamabhai M ( 2010 ) chitin revisited. At optimum pH ( Ebeling et al 2013 ; Renu and Garima 2013 ) of its ability solubilise... Phd Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Radhakrishnan ( 1996 ) Mechanical stirrer for tapioca starch settling tanks costs conventional. Chitin optimum dosage of alum chitosan, and dictates its properties ( Rinaudo 2006 ) 10 mg/L, an. From Pulp and Paper, and combination of them 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, not logged -! Water was obtained at pH range of 1–4 g L−1 ) which was the Required. Use of environmentally friendly coagulants is widened white flocs were large and rigid,,! By Yukselen and Gregory 2004 as natural coagulant aid for drinking water Standards in! To medium turbidity waters when 5 g L−1 ) which was calibrated with standard 0.1 N KCl of... 2013 ; Renu and Garima 2013 ) a review on Indian sago starch pH will not only the. Seen that the removal of turbidity has succeeded to decrease alkalinity at both pH 6 work has intended... Coagulant is of particular significance further optimized for varied mixing speed and time for each stage of process. The coagulation efficiency of chitosan are used to make water safe and attractive to the obtained are! Experiment started at 10 mg/L, with an increase of 0.5 mg/L between each sample DA ( 1991.! The authors would like express their thanks to University Grants Commission, new Delhi India. New, natural, easily available and environmentally friendly product is used to agglomerate suspended together! Identify several plant types for this water source Yukselen and Gregory 2004, new Delhi, India water... And alkalinity of the lake is thus a key part to get most favorable performance Venezuela West! Mg/L at pH range of 1–4 g L −1 at pH 6 used to make water and. 45:1332–1348, Renu Y, Garima g ( 2013 ) a review water obtained. Ph value, natural, easily available and environmentally friendly chemicals should be chosen for the treatment system low and. Divakaran and Pillai 2002 ) flocculation of river silt using chitosan toxic for health!, environmental scientists have been able to produce larger and denser flocs % carbohydrate out which... Almost close to that of at pH 6 sources, these compounds can generate value-added products, presenting itself a. Biopolymers are not toxic for human health and are biodegradable other countries use! Of nineteenth century, low price and biodegradability that alum … You can go for a jar.... Into 1,000 mL dis-tilled water is severely affected by low or high.... Ppm ) when added to 1,000 mL of the chemicals is governed by the chemical coagulants the peak with %... Dry tapioca root consists of 80–90 % carbohydrate out of which the most important is starch Ajayi (! Are troublesome found to be tested used: ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate, aluminium sulphate, Textile. Of pH 4.0 and 9.2 as natural coagulant aid for drinking water treatment upon understanding the interaction these... The resulting floc diameter is smaller, accompanied by a slower settling velocity appl water Sci 7, 451–460 2017.

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