bacterial genetics notes

In Eastern Europe phage therapy became common place and several renowned treatment centers exist to this day, for example, in Georgia and Poland. Plasmids, and sometimes bacterial chromosomes, are transferred between two cells during bacterial mating. Despite the vast knowledge that has been accumulated over the years, the recent release of its full genomic composition has made it obvious that there are still many things to learn about this microorganism [2]. Plasmids of low copy numbers are called stringent plasmids and high copy number plasmids are called relaxed plasmids. JOSÉ L. PUENTE, B. BRETT FINLAY, in Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis, 2001. M. D’Arcangelo, ... R. Plummer, in DNA Repair in Cancer Therapy (Second Edition), 2016. Research in molecular microbial evolution, taxonomy, ecology and pathogenesis. This process was first reported in Streptococcus pneumonia by Griffith. However, the early work of Fred Griffith in 1920 on th… Bacteriophage, or simply called phage, has played a central role in the development of molecular biology, Human Reproductive Biology (Third Edition). Bacterial Genetics Review Genome ... Transduction Bacterial DNA is transferred via a virus -Bacteriophage Virulent phages lytic cycle Generalized transduction Any gene ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 3b4844-MmJiZ Bacterial infections that cause human illness can be prevented by vaccines or can be cured by antibiotics. Major advances in, Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (Third Edition), The role of PARP in DNA repair and its therapeutic exploitation, DNA Repair in Cancer Therapy (Second Edition), have devastating consequences. Bacterial genetics is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information in bacteria, their chromosomes, plasmids, transposons, and phages. Interestingly, use of this bacterial genetics approach--rather than a recombinant one--may have contributed to the mutant strain's acceptance among farmers, notes Hunter, with ARS' Plant, Soil and Nutrient Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado. Since efflux pumps are the primary mechanism of resistance in many clinically relevant gram-negative bacilli (e.g. Bacterial Genetics Bacteria reproduce by the process of Binary Fission: the chromosome in the mother cell This method was proposed by Lederberg and Tatum. Due to this, the phage genome sometimes carries the bacterial genome with it and integrates it into the genome of the recipient cell. Bacterial infections that cause human illness can be prevented by vaccines or can be cured by antibiotics. Natural transformation; Artificial transformation Once localized to a particular tissue, the molecular interactions that occur between pathogenic E. coli and their host cells follow specific steps, and are quite different between different pathogenic types. PowerPoint lecture on Microbial Genetics used in an actual college microbiology classroom. Other kinds of organisms causing STDs, such as fungi, protozoa, and invertebrates, are also mentioned. Transfer of genetic information … E. coli strains causing urinary tract infections are known as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), while E. coli Kl are often responsible for cases of meningitis or sepsis (Table I). Analysis of the E. coli K-12 genome sequence also shows that about 2% of its DNA consists of mobile genetic elements, including phages, plasmids, and transposons [2]. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. He was born in 1955, and graduated with an MSc in molecular biology in 1986 from the Aarhus University. The upregulated pathways can form a mechanism of resistance to anticancer DNA damaging therapy, justifying targeting them to selectively sensitize cancer cells. In Hansenula polymorpha recombinant strains, up to 100 copies were generated. First we discuss some of the sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria and then those caused by viruses. Some viral-caused human illnesses can be prevented by vaccination, but viruses are not harmed by antibiotics. In this class, Meenakshi Rajput will cover Bacterial Genetics. Bacteria are ideal for genetic research and engineering because they are easily cultured, possess single chromosomes with less complexity, and have plasmids that can be conveniently used as cloning vectors. The others are non-transformed. (1995) outlined a strategy for enforced multicopy integration. Most have a cell membrane and all lack membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Bacteria can have several shapes (e.g., rod shaped; filamentous; spiral shaped). The wide diversity of virulence factors identified and characterized in different pathogenic E. coli resemble many of the virulence mechanisms found in other pathogens [17, 19]. is the most extensively studied microorganism. An excellent comprehensive review was published in 1998 that examines the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, detection, diagnosis, and virulence of the diarrheagenic E. coli [18]. Ângela de Carvalho, ... Adam Takos, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2019. They discovered that the F-factor can move between E.colicells and proposed the concept of conjugation. Bacteria can have several shapes (e.g., rod shaped; filamentous; spiral shaped). Gene transfer in bacteria occurs by one of three major mechanisms that form the main topics of this chapter. Science Prof Online (SPO) is a free science education website that provides fully-developed Virtual Science Classrooms, science-related PowerPoints, articles and images. DONNA PARKE, PETER S. CARLSON, in Physiological Genetics, 1979. It has been suggested that tigecycline's tighter binding to the ribosome does not allow displacement by the RPPs. In contrast to these data, a recent study using a panel of nine human cancer cell lines with differing BRCA status; including the pancreatic carcinoma Capan-1 cells and the BRCA1 defective HCC1937 breast cancer cell line used in the De Soto study did show that the PARP inhibitor AG014699 was selectively toxic to cell lines and xenograft models with defective BRCA 1 and 2 [61]. They discovered that the F-factor can move between E.coli cells and proposed the concept of conjugation. For example, De Soto et al. 2 Strands, Double helix. Further the broad host range combined with CRISPR arrays targeting several antibiotic resistance or virulence genes could allow the use of presumptive phage therapy, that is before pathogen identification. Major advances in bacterial genetics have been made with Escherichia coli K12; consequently, some people tend to equate bacterial genetics with E. coli. The pilus forms a conjugation tube and enables direct contact between the donor and the recipient cells. The specificity of CRISPR/Cas-mediated killing could expand phage therapy beyond targeting pathogens to precise modulation of human microbiomes, the composition of which has been implicated in the prognosis for some cancers and even neurological disorders such as autism, Parkinsons and Alzheimers vía the gut–brain axis. EHEC and EPEC utilize a type III secretion system, similar to those seen in Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and other Gram-negative pathogens, to inject E. coli-specific factors into the host cell. The recent identification of numerous other previously uncharacterized antiphage sytems may provide further breakthrough technologies for SB applications.45 In this historical context it is fitting then that SB is now applied to phage to perfect their use as therapeutic agents. Genes are sequences of nucleotides within DNA that code for functional proteins. The mutations are transferred from one bacteria to another through horizontal transmission. While RPPs, which release tetracyclines from the target site allowing protein synthesis to occur, confer resistance to both first- and second-generation tetracyclines, most efflux pumps efficiently remove only first-generation tetracyclines, allowing doxycycline and minocycline to retain activity. Definitions: Genetics: the study of the science of heredity Genome: all the genetic information in a cell (or virus) Genomics: sequencing and characteristics of genome Parallel independent studies in the Ashworth lab demonstrated that another potent PARPi, KU0058948, was selectively toxic to BRCA1 and two defective mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and tumors derived from them [29]. Chapter 14 Lecture Notes: Microbial Genetics – Recombination and Plasmids I. It was then argued that proteins, is composed of 20 different amino acids would be a better candidate for this function. Later a single amino acid change, also in a capsid protein, introduced by direct genetic manipulation resulted in a 13,000 to 16,000-fold increased capacity for the phage to remain in the mouse circulatory system.59 Other parameters to improve phage as therapeutic agents, such as production, formulation and route of administration probably fall outside the scope of SB activities, but the lessons learned from previous work with native phages will also apply to SB engineered phages. The amenability of the nonfilamentous bacteria to various genetic and cultural manipulations has resulted in the development of a great variety of selection schemes. A virus is a tiny, noncellular particle composed of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat. Today with the rise of antimicrobial resistant pathogens, initially the so-called ESKAPE strains48 but now an even wider set of pathogens49 which are predicted to result in more deaths than cancer by 2050, there is renewed interest in phage therapy. One strand is cut at the origin of replication, and the 5’ end enters the recipient cell. However, the physiological genetics of bacteria is enriched with information derived from representatives of different genera. The synthetic phage platform described here would avoid the need for phage cocktails for which the regulatory approval may be more complex. This process occurs between homologous chromosomes and is not seen in bacteria, where only a single chromosome exists. In this type, the bacteriophage first infects the donor cells and begins the lytic cycle. The bacterial genetic material is a single, circular molecule of DNA not arranged into a chromosome. Conjugation is carried out in several steps: Bacterial conjugation involves the following steps: The donor cells (F+ cells) form a sex pilus and begin contact with an F- recipient cell. The recipient cell now contains a copy of F plasmid and becomes a donor cell. During replication, the chromosome is copied, and the two copies are divided into the two daughter cells. In normal cells these lesions are repaired and replication is restarted by the process of HR but in BRCA1/2-defective cells the lesions persist and the cell dies. That is, a donor cell transfers genes to a recipient cell rather than two cells sharing genetic information to generate progeny as in higher organisms. These elements are responsible for the continuous evolution of the bacterial genomic repertoire, providing significant diversity in E. coli strains. Expression of the genes encoding this variety of virulence factors is often modulated in response to a series of environmental cues such as temperature, ion concentrations, osmolarity, iron levels, pH, carbon source availability, growth phase, and oxygen levels [25]. Bacterial transformation is the transfer of free DNA released from a donor bacterium into the extracellular environment that results in assimilation and usually an expression of the newly acquired trait in a recipient bacterium.. Gatzke et al. Salvador Edward Luria (1912–91) was an Italian-born American geneticist, who worked at Indiana University, University of Illinois and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Abstract and Figures Bacterial genetics is the subfield of genetics devoted to the study of bacteria. The class will be taught in Hindi and English and notes will be provided in English. However, the amount of DNA is limited by the capsid size. Virulence gene expression is determined by a consensus response to a mixture of these different biochemical and physical parameters that allows the bacterial cell to identify and exploit a particular extracellular or intracellular niche. The virus genome is induced in the host cell genome. Importantly, however, in Acinetobacter baumannii, the AdeABC efflux pump, a well-characterized multidrug efflux pump, readily removes tigecycline from the intracellular space. In this regard, pathogenic E. coli appears to have evolved from nonpathogenic strains by acquiring new virulence factors by the horizontal transfer of accessory DNA, which is often organized in clusters (pathogenicity islands) in the chromosome or on plasmids [3]. In the last decade the study of phage resistance mechnaisms has led to the discovery of one of the most important enabling technologies for SB since PCR; that is the CRISPR nuclease systems, which bacteria and archaea evolved as an adaptive defense to exogenous DNA. Nitrogen Bases a. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) 3. Bacterial Chromosome

• Contains a Double stranded molecules of DNA arranged in circular form. The highly modular organization of phage genomes and the assembly of the phage structure as functional modules, such as tail fibers, spikes, tail tubes and capsid, makes phage ideal targets for SB approaches, in a sense phage genomes are already organized into BioBricks. View Ch 17 - Bacterial & Viral Genetics - Notes Layout.pdf from BIO 101 at Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Phage was discovered independently by Frederik Twort and Félix D’Hérelle in the early part of the 20th century46,47 and soon after pursued as antimicrobiol agents to treat infectious diseases such as cholera and plague. In the West, after some sporatic initial successes, phage therapy faded from use as antibiotics became widely available. Table I. E. coli That Are Pathogenic for Humans. C. DNA Replication 1. The virus then develops its components using the host cell machinery. Trained in clinical microbiology 1970–1974. Other strains interact more intimately with host cell surfaces, and this intimate interaction results in disease. found that human BRCA1-positive, BRCA1 heterozygous, and BRCA1-negative breast cancer cell lines were not selectively sensitive to three different PARP inhibitors (3-aminobenzamide, NU1025, and AG14361) [59]. Range from 580-4600 Kbp Many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA materials as apart of genome called plasmid and transposons. Conjugation is the technique of transfer of genetic material from one bacteria to another placed in contact. Furthermore, phage can only infect bacteria expressing the correct receptor, so there is a tropism to the transfer of DNA.A.S. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. The F-factor opens at the origin of replication. He has published more than 200 scientific papers. And scientist thought that a molecule of much greater complexity must house the genetic information of a cell. Bacterial genetics is used as a model to understand . Pathogenic E. coli cause various diseases in humans, including several types of diarrhea, urinary tract infections, sepsis, and meningitis (Table I). In this, only a few restricted bacteria are transferred from donor to recipient bacteria. Again no contact between living bacterial cells is involved. DNA t… Bacteriophage, or simply called phage, has played a central role in the development of molecular biology, bacterial genetics and providing the earliest tools for recombining DNA molecules, such as restriction enzymes and ligases. Some strains adhere to mucosal surfaces and secrete specific toxins that either intoxicate localized epithelial cells or spread systemically to affect distant host cells. The term “synthetic lethality” has been used to describe this concept—a term borrowed from bacterial genetics where mutation of two genes together results in cell death but the mutation of either one alone does not impair viability. Bacterial Genetics; A significant portion of bacterial genetics, the study of bacteria, have been devoted to medical and industrial purposes. About Science Prof Online. It is the transfer of naked DNA from donor cell to recipient cell. It has been a model system for the study of bacterial metabolism, the cell division process, cell wall biosynthesis, chemotaxis, bacterial genetics, and the physiological role of enteric bacteria as part of the normal fecal flora [1]. Plasmids may have either a high copy number or low copy number. EIEC behaves as Shigella, in that it contains the same virulence factors (e.g., type III secretion system, invasins, and intracellular spread mechanism) that are responsible for producing a dysentery-like disease [21]. A mutant ColE1 replicon, as recognized in the pUC series of plasmids, generate a copy number of 500–700 (Vieira and Messing, 1982). 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