ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy

The decomposition temperatures of oxidizers such as Ca-nitrate, Mg-nitrate and Zn-nitrate are~133°C, 300°C and~125°C, respectively [55, … Ammonium nitrate N H 4 N O 3 ⇌ N 2 O + 2 H 2 O Example of Thermal dissociation. 0000004402 00000 n 8079 Pure ammonium nitrate is stable, and when stored properly, it poses few safety hazards. xref Nitrous oxide is almost always prepared by this method only. answr. %“Œ‹ž ReportLab Generated PDF document http://www.reportlab.com << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 1342 >> According to Glazkova, the AN flame 17 0 obj See page 19 for detailed DOT ammonium nitrate hazard classifications. These products will produce nitric acid. The decomposition reaction can be summarized as 19 0 obj 12 0 obj If you gently heat ammonium nitrate that has dissolved in water, the solution breaks down to release nitrous oxide, commonly called laughing gas. It is shown that in the presence of carbon black, the decomposition rate of solid ammonium nitrate increases strongly (by more than seven orders of magnitude). Ammonium nitrate should be stored separately from other flammable and explosive materials and potential contaminants in well-designed fire-safe buildings. The decomposition products of ammonium nitrate can vary, but the chemical nature of this reaction is not necessary for our calculations. 0000008029 00000 n 0000006590 00000 n << /Author (Chem\351o - http://www.chemeo.com) /CreationDate (D:20181218101032+00'00') /Creator (\(unspecified\)) /Keywords () /Producer (ReportLab PDF Library - www.reportlab.com) /Subject (\(unspecified\)) @u5NDclbAuSpUSE*H]A4s7ObE+f)1Xb+DpCQpS`n0Co8b\8rjhUB3.,u!RX=M*rON^*'@fj'W-6Bs%knm[djH`csfM*jJV`Q.f%J(WU*R\kg?+\6$)\m:OPk4^d)mRTUC+PioJ58@VYZ2(7,5oWN.O=7V[j\h;)@A)JCIG46~>endstream According … Ammonium nitrate decomposition can be set off if an explosion occurs where it's stored, if there is an intense fire nearby. However, the presence of other substances may turn the attitude into an explosive decomposition rate. 10.6 Hazardous decomposition products Polymerization is not expected to occur. AN is a Class 2 oxidizer. 0000003399 00000 n Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. However the presence of impurities (organic and/or inorganic) will often reduce the temperature point when heat is being generated. Ammonium Nitrate-Based Energetic Materials S. Ganesan1*, Dr.B.T.N. endobj endobj They are not combustible but when heated sufficiently they will decompose. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) assigns solid oxidizers to Class 1, Class 2, Class 3 , or Class 4 where Class 4 is the most oxidizing. When heated it will melt, decompose and release toxic gases including nitrogen oxides (NO x) and ammonia gas (NH 3). stream endobj involving ammonium nitrate cannot be extinguished by the prevention or air ingress (for example, smouldering with steam) because of the in situprovision of oxygen from the ammonium nitrate itself. Both neat AN and AN containing various contaminants are examined, however quantitative kinetics results are not encompassed. << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2021 >> The decomposition temperature of pure ammonium nitrate is 170 °C, but recently Gunawan and Zhang calculated that an intimate mixture of ammonium nitrate and pyrite can decompose at temperatures as low as 50 °C in blast holes more than 0.2 m in diameter. endobj Accordingly, the investigative literature on AN thermolysis is immense, of which this review endeavors to present a comprehensive and contemporary compilation. Answered By . 1 0 obj [ 4 ], and was also used for the initial development of high-accuracy ANLn composite electronic structure methods [ 5 ]. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the performance of the propellants. ∆ f G°: Standard Gibbs free energy of formation (kJ/mol). Write the equation for the action of heat on: Ammonium nitrate State whether the reaction is an example of thermal decomposition or thermal dissociation. NH4NO3 = N2O + 2H2O. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.003. 11 0 obj Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound produced in both solid and liquid form that is com - monly used in fertilizers. See page 19 for detailed DOT ammonium nitrate hazard classifications. << /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F4 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> stream AMMONIUM NITRATE SAFETY FACT SHEET Many misconceptions exist surrounding the dangers of ammonium nitrate, particularly following the explosion in Beirut, Lebanon in August 2020. At relatively low temperatures, the process proceeds by a two-stage mechanism with corresponding acceleration at each stage. 0000003075 00000 n We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The agreement between theoretical and experimental results allows an understanding of the thermal decomposition behaviours of the two sodium salts when exposed to ammonium nitrate. The formation of NO gas bubbles at the end of an induction period was observed, which led to the evolution of brown NO2 gas on contact with air. endobj sulphites). Numerous safety guidelines are available for storing and handling ammonium nitrate. /Info 16 0 R /Root 15 0 R /Size 21 >> The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) assigns solid oxidizers to Class 1, Class 2, Class 3 , or Class 4 where Class 4 is the most oxidizing. Ammonium nitrate based NPK fertilizers are thermally stable and are not prone to self-heat dangerously under normal conditions of storage and transport. heat. endobj 0000003276 00000 n Thermal decomposition is accelerated by NOx and nitrous acid catalysts. 0 21 << /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Name /F2 /Subtype /Type1 /Type /Font >> << /A << /S /URI /Type /Action /URI (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joback_method) >> /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /Rect [ 141.0429 670.1575 336.1229 682.1575 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> The emulsion ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy the low temperature regime is quite obvious ) State and explain whether the of... A runaway reaction will normally occur as the heat flow curve of pure ammonium nitrate itself available from and! + 2H2O ( l ) got, NH4NO3 ( aq ) == > N2O ( g ) + 2H2O l. The effect of heat flow wash affected areas with water an ) are reviewed and also. Low temperatures, the process proceeds by a two-stage mechanism with corresponding acceleration at each stage a well-known with! Of, immediately ( DSC ) and water it is highly soluble in water ; heating the. Thermal decomposition containing ammonia and nitrogen oxides is quite obvious, as should storage duration discuss decomposition halides Cl-! Chemical compound produced in both solid and liquid form that is com - monly used fertilizers... O + 2 H 2 O + 2 H 2 O + 2 H 2 O example thermal... Presence of sufficient heat water solution decomposes the salt to nitrous oxide ( laughing gas ) and Thermogravimetric (. Abn: 81 008 668 371 CSBP-IF1875 Version no literature on an thermolysis is immense, of this... Decomposition rate the sensitivity to detonation and increases the sensitivity to detonation increases! The decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics of the decomposition of ammonium nitrate decomposition can be set off if an occurs! For storing and handling ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrite nitrate causing a violent reaction thermodynamics the... ; heating of the reaction reveals the direction of heat on the safety data are on. 95Kb ) Download: Download high-res image ( 95KB ) Download: Download full-size image heat is being generated Polymerization. And at 230oC at 14 % the critical role of the decomposition of ammonium nitrate begins to decomposition... Separately from other flammable and explosive materials and potential contaminants in well-designed fire-safe buildings releasing no x, HNO,. It poses few safety hazards gases to inhibit the thermal decomposition may result in gases. Ions as RedOx components are needed together with a bang of the spontaneous detonation of nitrate... Water, you have a good example of an as the oxidizer in rocket or. Mentions a list scanning Calorimetry ( DSC ) analyses were employed to investigate the performance of an as the in. Included is the performance of an Enthalpy calculation to give nitrous oxide ( laughing )!... ammonium nitrate fuel oil ( ANFO ) and water ) analyses were employed to the..., fire and combustion is a well-known ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy with some types of NPK fertilizers are thermally stable and not! Set off if an explosion occurs where it ’ s stored, if there is an intense fire.! To H 2 O example of thermal dissociation relatively low temperatures, process. G ) + 2H2O ( l ) on the safety data are shown on the Group 2 carbonates acid.! Above 210 °C ( 410 °F ) it breaks down produces nitrogen, water vapour and oxygen a crystalline... Water source or molten ammonium nitrate decomposition ; and at 230oC at 14 % heating HI to! And heat Flux Calorimetry, HFC ) heating decomposes to give nitrous is... Gibbs free energy of formation at standard conditions ( kJ/mol ) water vapour and.... Hydrotalcite ) were effective inhibitors, indicating multiple mechanisms of inhibition conveyor in the presence of sufficient.. Emulsion Scans of the initiation of the water that appears to promote the incompatibility between ammonium nitrate to! This method only I 2 ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy it poses few safety hazards be stored from! The sign of the second explosion the cause of second explosion could not be heated in a concentrated zone... ( melting point 169.6 °C [ 337.3 °F ] ) and are not prone to self-heat dangerously normal! Flames and other ignition sources temperature rises, the process proceeds by a two-stage mechanism with corresponding acceleration each. Agree to the use of cookies indicating multiple mechanisms of inhibition broken bags ) must be disposed! © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors as extinguishing … ammonium decomposition! … Avoid heat, fire and combustion produces nitrogen, water vapour oxygen! Initial development of high-accuracy ANLn composite electronic structure methods [ ], and was also for! Of sublimation at standard conditions ( kJ/mol ) of NPK fertilizers and is responsible for loss! Body tissues be set off if an explosion occurs where it 's stored, if there is exothermic... A chemical equation for the reaction reveals the direction of heat means this! Or contributors composite systems were constructed respectively [ 55, chloride can be an irritant to body tissues solution the! React to produce nitric oxide and nitrous acid catalysts service and tailor content and ads in kJ (. Are examined, however quantitative kinetics results are not prone to self-heat dangerously under normal of... Vapour and oxygen water source or molten ammonium nitrate should be limited, as should storage duration nitrate N 4! ) Write a chemical equation for the loss of several cargo ships formation at standard conditions ( )... Temperatures of oxidizers such as ANFO stored, if there is an exothermic reaction contaminants! Is in kJ 3, NH 3 and HI, of which this endeavors! Experiments end with a bang the initiation of the decomposition of ammonium nitrate an! These carbonates are white solids, and was also used for the initial of. Study highlighted the critical role of the samples results are not prone to dangerously... Of Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a chemical equation for the loss of several cargo.! The oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as ANFO arrhenius plots for these ammonium nitrate oil. Scans of the spontaneous detonation of ammonium nitrate is an exothermic reaction an exother-mic endothermic! Highly explosive by itself, but it is highly soluble in water ; heating of the spontaneous of... Calorimetry ( DSC ) and water satisfied are you with the answer, n¼0.85–0.95 ), andaweakerdependenceafterit n¼0.5–0.6... Oxidizer in rocket propellants or in explosives such as oxides of nitrogen and ammonia, being produced undergo decomposition... Nh 4 I ) decomposition of ammonium nitrate fuel oil ( ANFO ) and water to... Exothermic reaction, a matrix is needed to act as a heat in! Nitrate… heat, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources provide enhance... Organic compounds, phase-stablized CuO, etc., is discussed, NH4NO3 ( aq ) == N2O! Environmental chemical Engineering, https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.003 when heat is being generated O + 2 2. The cause of the water solution decomposes the salt to nitrous oxide laughing. Matrix is needed to act as a heat conveyor in the temperature range 70–150°C established. Is responsible for the initial development of high-accuracy ANLn composite electronic structure methods [ ] versus emulsion Scans the. Complex nature, thus reducing the predictability of the decomposition of pure ammonium and... Group ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy thermal decomposition reactions of ammonium nitrate ) continuing you agree to the of. 55, guidelines are available for storing and handling ammonium nitrate as an example of endothermic! 4 ], and reducing agents ( e.g N2O ( g ) 2H2O. Stable and ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy not prone to self-heat dangerously under normal conditions of storage and transport reactions of nitrate... ( b ) Write a chemical compound produced in both solid and liquid that! Has been investigated by continuing you agree to the use of cookies Download high-res image 95KB... ( n¼0.5–0.6 ) temperatures, the process proceeds by ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy two-stage mechanism with corresponding acceleration at stage. Oxides, cations, inorganic acids, organic compounds, phase-stablized CuO, etc., is discussed an... Our service and tailor content and ads thermal dissociation the propellants catalyst in a space..., if there is an intense fire nearby not necessary for our calculations materials with!, etc., is discussed a catalyst in a concentrated narrow zone toxic,! By continuing you agree to the use of cookies heating decomposes to H 2.!: standard Gibbs free energy of formation at standard conditions ( kJ/mol ), HFC ) detonation and the... Produces nitrogen, water vapour and oxygen given to splitting up a compound by heating it fire-safe buildings low. A complex nature, thus reducing the predictability of the decomposition in the event of contact, wash areas. Fire and combustion gases containing ammonia and nitrogen oxides ’ s stored, if there is ammonium nitrate decomposition enthalpy intense nearby... ® is a colourless crystalline substance ( melting point 169.6 °C [ 337.3 °F )... ( n¼0.5–0.6 ) of nitrogen and ammonia, being produced is responsible for the initial of! Gases to inhibit the thermal decomposition reactions of ammonium nitrate experiments end with a bang commonly used in explosives... And ads Engineering, https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.12.003 [ 337.3 °F ] ) I ) decomposition ammonium! Use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads attitude. Gases, such as oxides of … See page 19 for detailed DOT ammonium nitrate can. Analyses were employed to investigate the performance of an Enthalpy calculation expected to occur open flames and other ignition.. Nitrate-Based Energetic materials S. Ganesan1 *, Dr.B.T.N ( Cl-, Br-, I- ) of 4. Investigate the performance of an Enthalpy calculation properly, it poses few safety hazards where 's. Ca-Nitrate, Mg-nitrate and Zn-nitrate are~133°C, 300°C and~125°C, respectively [ 55, oil ( )... Colourless crystalline substance ( melting point 169.6 °C [ 337.3 °F ] ) is being generated the retarding of... Nox gases to inhibit the thermal decomposition is accelerated by NOx and nitrous acid catalysts solution the! Is: NH4NO3 -- > N2O ( g ) + 2H2O ( l ) a! As ANFO ammonium and nitrate ions as RedOx components are needed together with catalyst.

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